{"id":478,"date":"2019-07-31T10:04:59","date_gmt":"2019-07-31T08:04:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/?p=478"},"modified":"2019-09-20T16:34:26","modified_gmt":"2019-09-20T14:34:26","slug":"experiments-with-2-tesla-transponders-coupled-without-ground","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/experiments-with-2-tesla-transponders-coupled-without-ground\/","title":{"rendered":"Experiments with 2 Tesla transponders coupled without ground"},"content":{"rendered":"

Measurement protocol<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mirko Kulig<\/strong>, 13.10.2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Download the pdf version here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Transmission of electricity with two tesla coils<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
  1. Objective<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    It is commonly known that a Tesla coil is capable of receiving\nelectrical power wirelessly from a transmitting Tesla coil. The necessary\nconditions for this to happen are that the resonant frequency is set and that\nboth coils are grounded. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The purpose of the measurement protocols herein exposed is to\ninvestigate the behavior of 2 Tesla transponders wirelessly coupled without\nground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Measured DC voltage\nas a function of the<\/strong> <\/strong>distance of the coils <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I first want to measure the DC voltage at the receiving coil by\ngradually increasing the distance of the coils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 Experimental setup<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Used devices: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • 3 sets of Tesla coils (size A, B, C) with spherical\nantennas<\/li>
    • Voltmeter (Maxcom MX-210)<\/li>
    • Frequency generator (range 100 kHz \u2013 13 MHz)<\/li>
    • Frequency reader<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      2.2 Determining the frequency\nof resonance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      I have first determined the frequency of maximum voltage, which is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • about 8.3 MHz for coils of size A<\/li>
      • about 13 MHz for coils of size B<\/li>
      • about 4.5 MHz for coils of size C<\/li>
      •  <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        The coils also allow to move a jumper and to connect 2 LEDs to the\noutput of the coils. I have tried to determine the frequency of maximum luminosity\nof the LEDs, which results to be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        • about 8.1 MHz for coils of size A<\/li>
        • could not be determined for coils of size B (probably\nbecause out of scale)<\/li>
        • about 4.45 MHz for coils of size C<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Note: especially for the coils of size A, it was apparent that the\nfrequency of maximum voltage and the frequency of maximum luminosity were not\nexactly the same. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          2.3 Table of measured voltages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n  <\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Measured DC (mV)<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n distance between antennas\n (cm)<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Coil\n of size A<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Coil\n of size B<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Coil\n of size C<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 5\n <\/td>\n 600\n <\/td>\n 11\n <\/td>\n 850\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 10\n <\/td>\n 500\n <\/td>\n 2\n <\/td>\n 400\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 15\n <\/td>\n 130\n <\/td>\n 0\n <\/td>\n 130\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 20\n <\/td>\n 33\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 17\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 25\n <\/td>\n 9\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 5\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 30\n <\/td>\n 5\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 3\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 35\n <\/td>\n 2\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 2\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 40\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

          2.4 Graph of measured voltages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          Table and graph clearly show a similar behavior for all coil pairs. The\nvoltage measured at the receiving coil rapidly decreases when increasing the\ndistance between the coils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Regarding the coils of size B, I think that the actual resonant\nfrequency (for the scalar component of the wave) was above the maximum\nfrequency generated by our frequency generator, therefore I wasn\u2019t able to\nmeasure higher values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          In the comparison between coil A and coil C, C has a higher voltage when\nthe two coils are close, but decreases faster than coil A, which starts with\nvoltage values which are not as high as those measured for coil C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Anyway, it has to be kept in mind that our voltmeter is not a high\nquality device, and often the values written into the table were the\nempirically determined average of the relatively high oscillations of voltage\nthat were measured each second. Variations, in some cases, would amount to up\nto 100 mV between the highest and the lowest measured values. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3. Measured DC voltage as a\nfunction of the<\/strong> <\/strong>frequency<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          When moving the frequency of the generator up and down for a constant\ndistance of the coils with the jumper set to \u201cLED\u201d, especially with the coils\nof size A, it clearly appears that there are 2 maximums, one of which is more\nluminous than the other. Thus, I tried to measure the voltages with increasing\nfrequency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3.1 Table of measured voltages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Distance between the antennas: 5 cm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n  <\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Measured voltage\n (mV)<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n Frequency\n (MHz)<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Size\n A<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Size\n B<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Size\n C<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 2.3\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 2.5\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 2.7\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 3\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 2.9\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 7\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 3.1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 18\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 3.3\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 77\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 3.5\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 166\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 3.7\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 220\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 3.9\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 210\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 4.1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 280\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 4.3\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 480\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 4.5\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 860\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 4.7\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 560\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 4.9\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 55\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 5.1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 0\n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 5.5\n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 5.7\n <\/td>\n 4\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 5.9\n <\/td>\n 10\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 6.1\n <\/td>\n 20\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 6.3\n <\/td>\n 50\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 6.5\n <\/td>\n 70\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 6.7\n <\/td>\n 80\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 6.9\n <\/td>\n 84\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 7.1\n <\/td>\n 80\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 7.3\n <\/td>\n 85\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 7.5\n <\/td>\n 110\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 7.7\n <\/td>\n 160\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 7.9\n <\/td>\n 235\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 8.1\n <\/td>\n 490\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 8.3\n <\/td>\n 560\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 8.5\n <\/td>\n 450\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 8.7\n <\/td>\n 180\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 8.9\n <\/td>\n 70\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 9.1\n <\/td>\n 4\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 9.3\n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 11.9\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 0\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 12.1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 2\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 12.3\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 8\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 12.5\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 10\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 12.7\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 11\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 12.9\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 11\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 13.1\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 10\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 13.3\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 8\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
          \n 13.45\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n 8\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

          3.2 Graph of measured voltages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          As the graph clearly shows every coil pair has its own frequency of\nresonance. Furthermore, when increasing the frequency, there is at first a\npartial rise in the measured voltage, which then stays quite constant for a\ncertain range of frequencies, then to quickly rise to the maximum peak after\nwhich the measured voltage again becomes zero. This behavior is similar for the\ncoils of size A and C, and I assume that, if we could reach higher frequencies\nwith our frequency generator, the same behavior would be observed also for the\ncoils of size B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3.3 Comparison between\nmeasured voltages and luminosity of the LEDs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The following comparison has only been done for the coils of size A,\nsince with this size the phenomenon was more apparent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          As has already been said before, the frequency of maximum voltage (8.3\nMHz) didn\u2019t perfectly match the frequency of maximum luminosity of the LED on\nthe receiving antenna (8.1 MHz). This phenomenon has further been investigated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          To do so, while increasing the frequency with the jumper set to \u201cLED\u201d,\nan empirical value has been given to the luminosity of the LED, only to show\nthe general behavior. (Unfortunately I don\u2019t have a Lux meter..).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          In this case, the maximum luminosity was given a value of 2, and when\nthe LED was off, a value of zero was given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I thus drew a graph of comparison between the measured voltages and the\nsensation of luminosity determined with the above procedure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          In order to allow a comparison, both series of values have been\nnormalized to 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3.4 Graph of comparison\nbetween measured voltages and LED luminosity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          As the graph shows, the LED has 2 maximums at the frequencies of 6.1 MHz\nand 8.1 MHz. Considering that the LED has a threshold value, for voltages below\nwhich it doesn\u2019t turn on, I can explain the small incongruences observable for the\nfrequencies below and above the peaks. But what is really surprising, is that\nafter the first maximum (6.1 MHz), for increasing frequencies the LED again\ngets off (at 6.7 MHz), while the measured voltages either stay constant or\nincrease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          This behavior has been observed and reproduced more than once, always\nobtaining the same results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The only way I could find to explain this behavior is again the low\nquality of the voltmeter. The best way to really test this behavior would be by\nusing an oscilloscope, which I unfortunately don\u2019t have.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3.5 Other observations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The 2 peaks are observed also when the two coils are appropriately\ngrounded. As of Dr. Meyl\u2019s theory, the first peak corresponds to the resonant\nfrequency of the electromagnetic transverse wave, whereas the second peak\ncorresponds to the scalar wave resonant frequency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I could partially confirm this by the fact that, when the coils are\nworking at the scalar wave resonant frequency, just by getting closer with one\nhand to either antenna, the luminosity of the LED decreases until it completely\nturns off when the distance between the antenna and our hand is about 3-5 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          On the other hand, when working at the transverse wave resonant\nfrequency, this phenomenon is not observed, or is observed at a much lesser\ndegree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I explain this with the fact that scalar waves are directional, and tend\nto redirect all field lines towards a similarly resonant body, and with the\n\u201cinstable\u201d resonance created in our setup without grounding, I assume than when\ngetting close enough with a part of the physical body, actually all field lines\nfrom the emitting antenna tend to bend towards our body, which goes into\nresonance with it. This fact is also confirmed by a sensation of skin\nelectricity that I experienced on the approaching hand, as well as a headache\nwhich arises after many hours of experimenting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          In the case of the transverse wave resonant frequency, the phenomenon is\nnot observed because, as it\u2019s well known, this kind of waves propagate in all\ndirections and experience little disturbance by the presence of a resonant\nbody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          4. Experiment with a coupling of\nthe antennas through inducted resonance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          While experimenting on groundless coupling, an interesting phenomenon\nhas been observed, which might be of further interest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I proceed on the description of said experiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          4.1 Experimental setup<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          This time, the second tesla coil (Coil 2, usually used as the\nreceiver)  was connected to the frequency\ngenerator, while the first one (Coil 1, usually the transmitter) was left very\nclose to the frequency generator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          It could be observed, that at a frequency of 6.3-6.4 MHz, the LED on\nCoil 1 would turn on, even if with a very dim light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          When increasing the distance of Coil 2, the LED on Coil 1 would not turn\noff, as was observed in the experience of point 2 of this document. It would\nsimply slightly decrease its luminosity up to a distance of 1 m, but going\nfarther would not further influence its luminosity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The maximum distance between the coils was brought to 3 m (maximum\nlength of the cables), without any further important decrease of luminosity of\nthe LED on Coil 1. Various objects were interposed between the 2 coils (human\nbody, TV), with no decrease of luminosity. When approaching a hand to one of\nthe coils, the LED would turn off completely only when the distance became less\nthan a few cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I tried to measure the DC voltage on Coil 1, but no measurable value was\nfound (U<1 mV).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The only explanation I could give to this behavior is that, through\ndirect induction of Coil 1 from the frequency generator, a weak but nonetheless\nimportant coupling could be established between the two coils which enabled a\ntransmission of electricity from Coil 2. This explanation was partially\nconfirmed by the fact that, when unplugging one of the wires that connected\nCoil 2 to the frequency generator, the LED on Coil 1 would completely turn off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          5. Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          This series of experiments was carried out with the purpose of\ninvestigating the behaviour of 2 Tesla transponders coupled without ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The experiments have shown that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          • It is possible to transmit wirelessly electrical power\nwithout grounding of the coils at a very short distance (up to a maximum of 40\ncm between transmitting and receiving antennas)<\/li>
          • The transmitted electrical power decreases with\nincreasing distance<\/li>
          • the different frequency of resonance of the different\ncoils (sizes A, B, C) has been verified<\/li>
          • the 2 frequencies of resonance (scalar wave resonance,\ntransverse wave resonance) have been visually verified (luminosity of the LED),\nbut the measured DC voltages as a function of the frequency have not shown exactly\nthe same behavior as the LED; this fact needs further investigation with proper\nequipment, but until that I assume it is due to inaccuracies of the measuring\nequipment at my disposal (Voltmeter)<\/li>
          • the difference of behavior of the scalar wave compared\nto the transverse wave has been verified by the fact that an approaching human\nbody was able to cause disturbances in the \u201cinstable\u201d coupling of the antennas\ndue to lack of grounding in the case of the scalar wave resonant frequency,\nwhereas almost no disturbance was noted when working at the resonant frequency\nof the transverse wave<\/li>
          • it is possible to transmit electrical power without\nwires and without grounding of the coils at a distance of at least 3 m when the\nreceiving coil is close to the frequency generator<\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Measurement protocol Mirko Kulig, 13.10.2008 Download the pdf version here Objective It is commonly known that a Tesla coil is…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":491,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[46,45,48,47,49],"class_list":["post-478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","tag-nikola-tesla","tag-tesla","tag-tesla-coil","tag-tesla-transponder","tag-wireless-transmission"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=478"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/478\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":494,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/478\/revisions\/494"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mirkokulig.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}